This article was written by Caner Acarbay for the 2nd exam of Introduction to Civil Aviation.Using this article without permission is illegal according to law of art and idea which numbered 5846
TURKISH CIVIL AVIATION SYSTEM
The mystery of the sky and ability of certain animals to fly had been effecting human evolution since the beginning of human civilization. People had been observing birds and other flying animals to find out how they could fly. People wanted to unlock this mystery, so that they can find a way to fly themselves. In early days of civilization flying seemed to be an impossible task for humans. As the civilizations evolved this idea of impossibility lead humans to believe that only the beings with extraordinary powers could fly or be a part of the skies. Mythological gods are a good example for this belief. In ancient times powerful gods were believed to be living in the sky and ruling the earth below them. For example, it is stated in the books of mythology, the ancient Greek Sun God named Surya lived in the sky. Another example to a god that had the ability to fly was the Victory God. Nowadays the name of this ancient Victory God is being used as one of worlds best known sports clothing and equipment trade mark: Nike. As you understand, people had thought the ability of flying as a symbol of power and freedom and they had explication of these thoughts in everywhere in life and had interpreted with some artificial components such as music ,drawing, writing.
This link between power and freedom and the ability to fly and rule the skies had been an important part of the Turkish civilization also. Since the early days; Turkish society had been shaped by many wars in different lands from central Asia, Middle East, North Africa to Europe. Throughout these years; for more than two thousand years to be specific; the Turkish society had not been a yoke of another civilization. Because of this long history and the importance of freedom; Turkish people had been involved with aviation for a long time. It can be said that Turkish society was one of the first civilization that had investigated flying in the world. With the advances in technology; most of these investigations started to take shape around the 17th century and kept on advancing rapidly in to this day.
TURKISH AVIATION BETWEEN 17th and 19th CENTURY
For the Turkish society; currently there are no written records related to aviation before the 17th century. However during the 17th century there are recorded attempts of Turkish scientist investigating the science of flying. One of these first records goes back when Murat IV was ruling the Ottoman Empire. During the festivities, that celebrated the birth of Murat’s daughter Kaya Sultan; there was a demonstration that involved a flying human being. According to “Seyahatname”; written by Evliya Celebi it is described that Lagari Hasan Celebi invented a wing system as well as a propelling rocket system that worked with gun powder. During his demonstration, which took place in Sarayburnu in Istanbul; Lagari Hasan Celebi straps himself to a device with seven giant flares; his rocket; and launched himself into the air. When the gunpowder was completely burned, he opened up the wing system he had designed and landed smoothly on the sea. During this demonstration it is stated that Celebi went up in the air for 30 seconds to an altitude of 200 to 300 meters. (THY, 2008)
Another person who also lived in the 17th century; Hazerfen Ahmet Çelebi, was focused on solving the difficult investigation of flight. Hazerfen Ahmet Celebi who has become a Turkish legend with his colorful personality; was able to complete a flight from the Galata Tower to Uskudar in front of a large crowd. With the wing system he had invented and with some help from the winds, this flight was very successful. Because of his never ending desire to solve different problems and never giving up the society started to announce him with the adjective of Hazerfen; which means thousands of sciences. (THY, 2008)
After some individual trials for flight, the first official attempt from the Ottoman Empire took place on September 10, 1874. On this date twenty two countries created the General Postal Union (GPU). Without knowing; the Ottoman Empire took an official step to advanced aviation; since most of postal carriage would take place with airplanes in the upcoming years. (Kocaeli SHYO, 2009)
TURKISH AVIATION BETWEEN 19th and 20th CENTURY
The first aircrafts that were designed for military use were used against the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the losses in the Battle of Trablusgarp and the Battle of the Balkans; the Ottoman Empire decided to take action towards aviation. The use of aviation for military goals were the first steps that started to shape the future of aviation in modern Turkey. Moreover, aviation commission was added to technical services inspector in the year of 1911. After to this date, Turkish aviation started officially. Again the same year, Mr Feza and Mr Kenan were sent to the school of aviation in Paris. One year later, the first airport in the Turkish history was built between Yeşilköy and Sefaköy. These airports’ were 700 meter wide and, 1500 meters long. These airports also had two storage facilities as well. The two aircraft which were bought from French company of R.E.P were settled down in this airport and these airplanes became the first aircrafts in Turkish history. By taking first steps through World War I, modern Turkish aviation started to develop. After the loss of World War I, the Ottoman Empire lead to a birth of a new nation, which would carry on the developments that started to take shape at the beginning of 20th Century. (Gedop.org,2008)
TURKISH AVIATION BETWEEN (20th CENTURY-PRESENT)
At the end of the World War I, everything that considered to be a possible danger for the invading countries was banned or totally dismantled in Ottoman Empire. At this point The Ottoman Empire was officially finished. After the Ottoman Empire’s Air Force was scattered , some patriots who was really interested in aviation started to form centers in different parts of Turkey. These people were able to save the aircrafts which were used in World War I, and use these planes in their aviation centers.
In 23 April 1920; Turkish House of Representatives (TBMM) was established with the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Following its creation the TBMM made a lot of important decision that would shape the future of the new Turkish Nation.One of these important decisions was to build an air force for the protection of Turkish Republic. The effect and success of this decision proved to be very important in the War of Liberation against Greece and other invading nations.
Because of the World War I, and the Turkish Liberation War; In the early days of the 20th Century the focus of aviation had been only in the military interest. The first applications of aviation towards a non-military took place on February 12, 1914. Turkey’s first civil aviation initiative was between Lefke and Bilecik where the first mail plane named Prince Celaleddin began its flight. As stated earlier this process was initially started in 1874 when the Ottoman Empire became a part of the General Postal Union. However the true “civilian” use of aviation began with the establishment of the Türk Teyyare Cemiyeti in 1925. This organization has played an important role in the development of various activities such as glider, motorized aircraft, parachutes, model aircraft. Then the name of this institution was changed to the Türk Hava Kurumu in 1935. (Wikipedia.org, 2009)
In war years, Atatürk was aware of the difficulties of lack of aviation and he believed that our air warfare industry could be in our country. With this thought airplane and motor-car anonymous corporation (TOMTAŞ) was established in 1925 by Atatürk. Junkers A-20, F13, G23 types of aircrafts were started to be manufactured in this company. However, due to some problems experienced by the German factory TOMTAŞ was transferred to the Turkish Air Force. After 1930, revisions were made in the aircraft factory. In 1932 and 1933 Curtiss Hawk and 8 Feldling were produced in this factory. Then other countries which tried to prevent the development of the Turkish aviation efforts to close this factory and as a result of this; the factory was closed and we became dependent outside about aircrafts. (BÖLÜKBAŞI, 2007)
The steps of the Civil Aviation development followed each other in following years and the date of 20 May 1933 Devlet Hava işletmesi was founded on the laws of 2186 on the ministry of national education. When this business was established, the first days there were only five planes, 27 Seat Capacity, 7 Pilots, 8 engineers, 8 Officers and 1 operator. In a sense this business has prepared the ground for the establishment of Turkish Airlines. (THY,2008)
As the steps for modernization took place; Turkish Republic started to get bigger and bigger in the area of aviation day-by-day.The first civilian airport was entered into service in Güvercinlik, Ankara and made its first commercial flight between Eskişehir and Ankara on 3 February 1933. After this time Ankara-Eskisehir-Istanbul scheduled air transportation has been started. (THY, 2008)
Turkish Airlines was connected to the Ministry of Public Works in 1935. Later under the Directorate of State Airlines Public Transport Ministry in 1938. Until this time the only aircrafts was flying between Istanbul-Eskisehir-Ankara , then it began flying to Istanbul-Elazig-Erzincan by making new airports. (thy.org, 2009)
1944 is an important year for aviation sector in the world; because on December 7, 1944 in Chicago , under the name of the city gathered representatives of 52 states referred to sign international civil aviation agreement . With this contract states decided on an agreement in regards to air space and founded the International Civil Aviation Organization. With becoming a member nation; Turkey also gained the rights in this trade and the unlimited sovereignty transportation issues of their airspace by signing the contract as a member of ICAO. Because of this agreement the young Turkish Republic had captured a very important international success in regards to aviation standards in the world.(THY, 2008)
1945 is very important year for the Turkish aviation . Thirty Dc-3 and three C-47 aircraft were bought from United States of America in this year. After this purchase the number of planes in Turkey was risen to 52 and the seating capacity became 845. With the inclusion of these planes to the fleet, the number of passengers increased to thirty seven thousand from eighteen thousand. (Thy, 2008)
With this seating and passenger capacity, Turkish Airlines had not made an international flight yet. So in order to take the next step in aviation history for Turkey; THY wanted to cast a new country to new horizons. As a result of negotiations, our first international flight to Athens in 1947. Then THY started flights to Beirut , Nicosia and Cairo in 1951. (thy.org, 2009)
These international flights lead to another development need for the country. Now there was a need to build an international airport, because Turkey was a member of ICAO and had to perform the required responsibilities. As a result of this, an international airport was built in Istanbul Yesilkoy in 1953. After that, Turkey started to give more importance to civil aviation and Civil Aviation Department was established under the transportation ministry in 1954. (THY, 2008)
Now, the Turkish aviation decided for a separate company and should be managed by private law rules . The results of this, the Anonymous Partnership Board of Turkish Airlines was made by the 6623 law on 21 May 1956. In the same year after the establishment of Turkish Airlines, it joined IATA (International Air Transport Association)as 72nd participant and by joining this organization Turkish Airlines was gained the first international success with this name. (THY, 2008)
In 1967 one age was ending and the new one was starting for Turkish Airlines. Turkish Airlines started to fly with the first DC-9 jet aircraft on this date. After to this date, besides the increase of traffic activities, technical workshops came to a position to do maintenance and repair of all types of turboprop engines. After this operation, THY had a profit the first time in this year. Improvement in the air was ended in 1974 because of applied embargo by the United States of America. After this event, TUSAS was established and our own spare parts have begun to work to build the aircraft. As a result of this work, we began to rise slowly from the crisis in 1977. And the first ad of THY was found in a significant contribution to the development of THY in 1978.
Air Transport Sector deregulated in 1983 with the law of number 2920. The law had a big impact on aviation industry. In this period, THY started to develop in this period and it also started a modernization and standardization program. With these laws, establishment and operating a airline company become free for private airlines. And as a result of this many new airlines were established. (DURMAZ,2003)
From this date, Turkish Air Association; Turk Hava Kurumu (THK) was started to give a large effort to improve aviation sports and general aviation practices. Since 1983, THK has won 6 first degree,8 second degree 12 third degree in international competitions.(thk.org, 2009)
PRESENT
From 1983, Turkish civil aviation has started to regeneration. After this period aviation in Turkey started to improve rapidly. Effect of this improvement allowed more and more airlines to be established. With the increase of airline companies, it became necessity to reform current aviation authority.
AUTHORITIES
Ministry of Transportation is the biggest authority in Turkey about Civil Aviation. SHGM is the biggest civil aviation organization in the civil aviation contingent to Ministry. There is also one more authority on the airports, its name is DHMİ.
In 1987 government changed the organization form of the SHGM. With this law, SHGM became private budget organization. After this reform the missions of SHGM has changed. Their missions are: (LAW 3348,1987)
- Following and developing technique, economic, social development of civil aviation.
- To appraise the airworthiness of all aircrafts in its airspace and record all of them. In addition to this, check to personnel license.
- To make exams for personnel license and record the entire personnel registry.
- To put in order the permissions about native or foreign aircrafts
DHMİ is a public economic organization. It is restricted with its budget. The purposes and missions of DHMİ are that: (DHMI ANNULAR REPORT, 2007)
- To provide and install navigation aids, radar systems, communication systems, terminal systems and computer systems related to Flight Safety and to provide continuity of these systems,
- To formulate the projects and technical specifications of the required electronic systems and equipment; to prepare the periodic overhaul and maintenance plans of existing systems; to perform and monitor these plans,
- To define the software requirements of DHMİ’s computer systems and analyze these systems,
- To set up a ground team to work on the flight control of the Navigation, Radar and Communication systems
- To renew, repair, calibrate and modify the systems and test equipment that cannot be repaired in the airports and Navigation Aid Stations of the airports; to provide necessary stand-by equipment, test equipment and documentation; to plan and perform domestic and international training related to these services; to follow the latest technological advances in order to provide a better service and to implement these improvements,
- To follow the studies of international aviation institutions (ICAO, EUROCONTROL, ECAC, etc.), to coordinate and cooperate with the related units to perform the prepared and approved plans in time; to draw up plans and programs when needed.
Today, DHMİ services 17 native, 361 foreign airlines company air traffic service. DHMİ also services 25 million people on domestic and contour flights’ passenger services.
AIRPORTS
Atatürk, Esenboğa, Adnan Menderes, Antalya, Dalaman, Adana, Trabzon, Milas–Bodrum, Süleyman Demirel, Nevşehir-Kapadokya, Erzurum and Gaziantep Airports open for international and domestic flights, both regular and charter.
Bursa-Yenişehir, Çanakkale, Denizli-Çardak, Tekirdağ-Çorlu, Kars, Kayseri, Konya, Balıkesir-Körfez, Malatya, Samsun-Çarşamba, Van Ferit Melen, Sivas, Şanlıurfa GAP and Uşak Airports for international unscheduled and domestic flights,
Adıyaman, Ağrı, Balıkesir-Merkez Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Erzincan, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, and Tokat Airports are open only for domestic flights. Some of the airports mentioned above operating together with military authorities. The rights of use of these civil-military aerodromes are summarized below:
The rights to use Dalaman Airport and Balıkesir, Bursa-Yenişehir, Denizli-Çardak, Çorlu, Diyarbakır, Erzurum, Kayseri, Konya, Malatya, Muş and Sivas Airports have been given to DHMİ and the Command of the Air Forces.
The rights to use Elazığ and Erzincan Airports have been given to DHMİ and the Command of the Land Forces;
The right to use Çanakkale Airport has been given to DHMİ and the Command of the Naval Forces. (DHMİ,2009)
There are also a few airports which have special privilege. Generally those are belong to universities. Anadolu University, Bursa Uludağ University airports are just an example on this. THK and flight schools are also operate their own airports.
In addition İstanbul Sabiha Gökçen is operated by HEAŞ and Antalya,İstanbul Atatürk airports are operated by TAV.
Modifications in the global economy and technological developments on aviation sector made the airlines develop quickly. It is understood that it became too difficult to finance modernization of the airports substructure with the restricted public money sources; and other capital had to be raised in order to improve the facilities. As a result of this governments started to privatization to airports. In Turkey as system called “build-operate-transfer”(BOT) to develop the airports. (ÖZENEN,2003)
For example; The operation of İstanbul Atatürk Airport International Terminal has been a great success. The terminal’s operation by TAV ended on 2nd July, 2005. The necessary legal applications were completed in order to give the private sector operational rights, both at İstanbul and the other BOT terminals, via tenders.
By this, the operational rights of BOT terminals of which the operation periods have expired have been allowed to be transferred to private sector companies.
In the first application, following the tender, the operational rights for the İstanbul Atatürk Airport Domestic and International Passenger Terminals have been transferred to TAV for 15 and a half years with a lease amount of 3 billion USD.
Other important BOT model project is Antalya Airport 1st and 2nd International Lines Terminals have been rented to IC-Fraport . The rental agreement has been signed on 22nd May, 2007. (DHMI ANNULAR REPORT, 2007)
Statistics also show that Turkish Civil Aviation is developing day by day. When only 627.401 aircraft landed in Turkey in 2006, this number became 688.468 in 2007 and 741.765 in 2008. The number of passenger in these aircraft was 61.665.449 in 2006. It increased to 70.296.532 in 2007 and 79.438.289 in 2008. (DHMİ)
In our country, İstanbul Atatürk, Ankara Esenboğa, İzmir Adnan Menderes, İstanbul Sabiha Gökçen, Muğla Dalaman and Antalya Airports comprise %90 of the Turkey’s air traffic. According to the Eurocontrol’s studies in 2008, İstanbul Atatürk Airport increased air traffic, and achieved the highest increase in air traffic in Europe with 6%. According to the other studies, İstanbul-İzmir line was also the fifth most densely used course with 9376 airplane traffic. In Eurocontrol’s studies in 2007, while Europe’s air traffic was increasing with 0.4%, Turkey’s air traffic increased 1.5%.
AIRLINES
In 1983, the air transport sector has experienced large growth and a total of 19 operational airline companies were established. However some of these companies did not achieve a constant market that was strong enough to keep them operational over time.As a result of lower market demand some of these companies had to go into bankruptcy. Toros Airlines, Akdeniz Airlines,Boğaziçi Airways, Haliç Airlines are examples of a few of them. (DURMAZ, 2003)
Today, Turkish Airlines, Cyprus Turkish Airlines, Onur Air, Atlasjet, Pegasus, İzair, Ankair, Interair, Sky Air, Freebird Airlines, Sun Express, Corendon, Best Air, Saga Airlines, MNG Airlines Cargo, Act Airlines, Kuzu Airlines are operational bringing the total number of active companies in Turkey to seventeen. These seventeen airlines have a total of 270 aircraft and 43.524 seating capacity.(SHGM, 2009)
Turkey’s biggest airline is Turkish Airlines and it has 9 Unit A-340, 5 Piece A-330, 2 Piece A-310, 21 Piece A321, 22 Piece A-320, 4 Piece A-319, 3 B-777 , 51 Unit B-737-800, 3 Piece B-777-700, 8 Piece B-737-400, 4 Piece A-310 (cargo) aircraft with a total of 132 aircraft to service.
In addition, the Onur Air has 25, Atlas Jet has 9, Pegasus has 15, Sun Express has 18, İzair has 4, Cyprus Turkish Airlines on sale for a total of 4, Sky Air’s 4, Corendon’s 2 planes are available.(2009 DATA)
According to 2008 data, the average age of the passenger aircraft’s which is currently operational in Turkey is 9. Turkish Civil Aviation is located in a very good level with the average age of passenger aircraft’s. According to German reports which was published in 2005,said that Turkish Airlines average aircraft age is 9.3 and these aircraft were directing public to increase the sense of insecurity. Today; the average age of aircraft in Turkish Airlines fleet has been lowered to 6.3, and in the near future, this number is scheduled decrease to 5.6 by 2010. Turkish Airlines is expected to maintain as one of Europe’s younger airline business fleet in Europe. (turizmdebusabah.com, 2007)
In addition to commercial airlines, Turkey has 64 air-taxi business. This total of air taxi business is made up of 42 helicopters, the balloon 5,177 air taxi. Turkish Air Taxi Management and Anadolu University Civil Aviation Academy come at the beginning of the air Taxi Management in our country.
EDUCATION
The civil aviation sector helps to improve the nations economy by creating job opportunities for a variety of sectors.This employment depends on a vast variety of people with different technical and non technical skills.The civil aviation sector needs well trained pilots, aircraft technicians, air traffic controllers, flight engineers, dispatchers, ground services staff, cabin crews, airport staff and other operating personnel. In order to function in good harmony, people who are in charge of these operations have to be well educated and understand the language of the business. Since most of these operations involve technical knowledge it is very important to have the ability to provide the best education possible.
In Turkey there are a number of aviation training providers. These are are: Turkish Airlines, Anadolu University Civil Aviation Academy, Turkish Armed Forces (TSK), Private flight schools (Bon Air, Top Service, Burak Aviation Club, İstanbul Aviation Club, Tarkim, Sindel Aviation, Duha Aviation).
DHMI and Anadolu University Civil Aviation Academy is the state airports enterprise of Air Traffic Control Training.
Istanbul Technical University and the Middle East Technical University are flight engineer training institutions in our country.
Aircraft Technician organization is divided into two levels.Technician training starts in the high school level, once these students are successful they move to a much detailed university level education. The university-level training organizations included following centers: Anadolu University Civil Aviation Academy, Erciyes University Civil Aviation Academy, Kocaeli University Academy of Civil Aviation. High school level education organization are located in Eskişehir Anatolian Technical High School, Bursa Hürriyet Anatolian Technical High School, Kayseri Central Industrial Vocational High School, Istanbul Abdurrahman-Nermin Bilimli Anatolian Technical High School are trying to close the gaps in aircraft technicians needed in our country. Aircraft technicians are divided into two parts as its general. These are aircraft electric-electronics and aircraft engine compartment body.
Dispatchers, ground services personnel, airport staff and cabin management officials are being trained by the DHMİ, Turkish Airlines Anonymous Partnership, Anadolu University Civil Aviation Academy, University of Muğla Dalaman Vocational High School, Kocaeli Civil Aviation Academy.
In addition, some commercial establishments open courses for their own needs. Turkish Airlines, Havaş, Çelebi Private Airlines teach about subject of technical and ground services.(Erdağı,2005-Durmaz,2003)
Turkey has made many improvements to its existing aviation infrastructure in the recent years of all areas of aviation, even providing training for Europe and has begun to take place on Standards. By special agreement with Anadolu University to foreigners technical training and pilots license can be given and foreign nationals.As some studies suggest private aviation school applications are increasing day by day. Moreover, ERASMUS( the European Union Student Exchange Program Project) receive many students to aviation training each year in Turkey .
Aviation Training is an expensive education. University education in aviation is the total spending of the funds several university faculties or 7-8 for the expenditure . However, the results obtained from with the accumulation of this training is not invaluable contribution to our country. Indeed, today when we look to the G8 countries, we can see that how much the issue of aviation improvement in this country. If a country’s aviation developed ,it is considered as a developed country on the world ,so we must pay attention to aviation training. (SÜRMELİ, 2008)
FUTURE
Turkish Civil Aviation progressed in a short time. The development rate had continuously been 20% year over year. Turkey has signed two way; or multi-nation agreements with up to ninety countries in regards to aviation. As a result of these agreements and high educational standards Turkey has achieved to become the central hub for the region on aviation related education and training; both technical and non-technical applications. Because of high demand; the airline companies operating around the region make maintenance appointments up to five months prior to their day of maintenance. Until a few years ago ,Sabiha Gökçen Airport was loosing millions of dollars on operational costs. However just recently Sabiha Gökçen Airport was privatized by a contract and raised record money. The same can be said for the Antalya Airport. The Antalya Airport was let a contract to 17 years to a private company; and these are a proof of our aviation is developing.(ARIDURU,2008)
If we continue our studies, twenty years later our country will be a leader of aviation in its region. Just as ,lots of new hangars will be opened in Antalya and Isparta to aircraft maintenance,and these advances will help create a lot of new jobs. It is estimated that about 550 new jobs will be created; helping the unemployment rate of the country. Moreover, when the construction of these maintenance facilities are completed, they will be the fifth largest in the world. (thyteknik.com, 2009)
Additionally, we have some aviation problems that needs to be solved in the next years. One of these foreseen problems is the availability of quality personnel. ICAO published a report which SHGM had deficient personnel politics.(aviationturk.com, 2008)
Besides, if technical personal licenses; which were changed to pass European Standards, are not solved, we will have more issues to handle. For example, Turkish Airlines informed that it started to provide exams that meet the European standards. In order to become a licensed technician this test is very important. However, most of our graduated friends said that they did not receive their technical license yet; so they had to work low price or they did not find a job. And also in Turkey, Aircraft Technical Staff Licensing Procedure does not cover aircraft whose weight is less than 5700kg. This void must be filled as well.
In addition, there is a shortage of trained pilots in Turkey. Currently there are many foreign pilots operating aircraft in our country. In 2009 there was a need for 319 pilots in the whole country. In 2010 this need is expected to increase to 350. However this number is far less than the number of pilots being trained each year.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Turkish civil aviation started after 1920s.During World War II and the Cyprus Embargo the evolution of civil aviation were affected. Up until 1980, civil aviation had been in a recession period. During the 1980’s, aviation began to develop more rapidly with the adoption of Turkish Civil Aviation Law in our country again. More importantly, with the other companies (TUSAS, Havaş, TEI, TAI), our aviation field have begun to do their own R & D efforts.
Aviation sector is one the sectors that can easily be effected from political and economical crisis. The future goal of the aviation industry and aviation educational centers should be to create a stronger back bone for this industry, so that in the future the impact of any crises is much less in the future. As a member nation to ICAO and the European Aviation Authorities (JAA); Turkey has gained international standards that are important in the aviation business. However there is an immediate need for Turkey to educate highly qualified, highly technical work force to support the growth of Turkish aviation.
It was a very well made decision for Ataturk to notice the importance of aviation for humanity and for our country. This was summarized on his saying “Freedom is in the skies”.
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Etiketler: Aviation, Civil Aviation, Introduction, Turkish Civil Aviation System